Febuary Questions:

1. Adipose tissue is:
A. a storage tissue.
B. a muscle tissue.
C. held together by cartilage.
D. an epithelial tissue

2. After fertilization has occurred, repeated cell divisions soon convert the single-celled zygote into a hollow ball of cells called a (an):
A. fetus.
B. embryo.
C. blastocyst.
D. stem cell.

3. All glands in the body can be classified as either:
A. exocrine or holocrine.
B. endocrine or holocrine.
C. exocrine or endocrine.
D. endocrine or apocrine.

4. The connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints are called:
A. mucous membranes.
B. cutaneous membranes.
C. serous membranes.
D. synovial membranes.

5. The most abundant and widespread tissue in the body is:
A. connective.
B. epithelial.
C. muscle.
D. nerve.

6. Which of the following contain intercalated disks?
A. Smooth muscle
B. Striated muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
D. Blood

7. Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the:
A. smooth muscle layer.
B. microvilli.
C. arrector pilli muscles.
D. dermal papillae.

8. The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called:
A. melanin.
B. keratin.
C. stratum lucidum.
D. eleidin.

9. The two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and:
A. superficial fascia.
B. subcutaneous.
C. hypodermis
D. epidermis

10. The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the:
A. sweat, eccrine, and sebaceous glands.
B. sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous glands.
C. sweat, eccrine, and ceruminous glands.
D. sebaceous, eccrine, and ceruminous glands.

January Questions:

1. An age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is:
A. neoplasms.
B. Paget's disease.
C. osteoporosis.
D. osteomalacia.

2. Blood calcium levels involve secretion of these two hormones:
A. parathyroid and adrenaline.
B. parathyroid and calcitonin.
C. calcitonin and adrenaline.
D. calcitonin and aldosterone.

3. The dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the:
A. epiphysis.
B. articular cartilage.
C. periosteum.
D. diaphysis.

4. The main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the:
A. epiphysis.
B. articular cartilage.
C. periosteum
D. diaphysis.

5. The human skeleton system consists of two divisions. They are the:
A. compact and spongy.
B. axial and cranial.
C. appendicular and cranial.
D. axial and appendicular.

6. These two bones compose the shoulder girdle.
A. Humerus and ulna
B. Ulna and clavicle
C. Clavicle and scapula
D. Humerus and scapula

7. Which of the following is not in the appendicular skeleton?
A. Vertebrae
B. Tarsals
C. Femur
D. Clavicle

8. Some synovial joints contain a closed pillow-like structure called a (an):
A. meniscus.
B. ligament.
C. bursa.
D. articular cartilage.

9. The largest and most commonly injured joint in the body is the:
A. hip joint.
B. shoulder joint.
C. knee joint.
D. elbow joint.

10. Muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers can be:
A. extrinsic or intrinsic.
B. extrinsic but not intrinsic.
C. intrinsic but not extrinsic.
D. only extrinsic.

11. The continuous low level of sustained contraction maintained by all skeletal muscles is:
A. muscle summation.
B. muscle posture.
C. muscle tetanus.
D. muscle tone.

12. The external and internal oblique muscles can be found in the:
A. face.
B. abdominal wall.
C. cranium.
D. pelvic floor.

13. The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the muscle organ and is outside the epimysium and tendon is called the:
A. aponeurosis.
B. tendon sheath.
C. endomysium.
D. fascia.

14. The tendon common to both the gastrocnemius and soleus is called the:
A. calcaneal.
B. peroneus longus.
C. peroneus brevis.
D. calcaneus.

15. Which of the following muscles are referred to as the "rotator cuff" muscles?
A. Serratus anterior, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor
B. Levator scapulae, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and subscapularis
C. Infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, and trapezius
D. Infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor

16. A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases is called:
A. an isometric contraction.
B. an isotonic contraction.
C. an isokinetic contraction.
D. both a and b.

December Questions:

1. A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a (an):
A. reflex arc.
B. afferent pathway.
C. efferent pathway.
D. feedback loop.

2. Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the:
A. gray matter of the nervous system.
B. ganglia.
C. white matter of the nervous system.
D. motor nerves.

3. Ion channels that open in response to a sensory stimulus is a (an):
A. ionic channel.
B. sodium-potassium channel.
C. local potential.
D. stimulus-gated channel.

4. The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the:
A. ion pump.
B. sodium-potassium pump.
C. chloride channel.
D. sodium-potassium channel.

5. The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the:
A. parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.
B. parasympathetic and autonomic divisions.
C. sympathetic and autonomic divisions.
D. visceral sensory and somatic sensory divisions.

6. The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the:
A. peripheral nervous system.
B. autonomic nervous system.
C. afferent nervous system.
D. central nervous system.

7. Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the:
A. ventricles.
B. meninges.
C. choroid plexus.
D. solar plexus.

8. On each side of the spinal cord, the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join together to form a single mixed nerve cell called the:
A. cranial nerve.
B. ganglia.
C. spinal nerve.
D. ventral nerve.

9. The limbic system integrates:
A. consciousness.
B. sleep.
C. emotion.
D. language.

10. The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the:
A. extrapyramidal tract.
B. pyramidal tract.
C. motor tract.
D. motor program.

11. The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the:
A. medulla oblongata, thalamus, and pons.
B. medulla oblongata, thalamus, and midbrain.
C. medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons.
D. medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum.

12. Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters:
A. norepinephrine and acetylcholine.
B. norepinephrine and aldosterone.
C. norepinephrine and dopamine.
D. acetylcholine and aldosterone.

13. The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is:
A. relaxation.
B. constriction.
C. dilation.
D. no effect.

14. Tongue movement is controlled by which cranial nerve?
A. Oculomotor
B. Olfactory
C. Vagus
D. Hypoglossal

November Questions:

1. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are stored and released by the:
A. adenohypophysis.
B. neurohypophysis.
C. hypophysis.
D. adrenal gland.

2. Hormones can be classified as either:
A. steroid or nonsteroid.
B. protein or nonprotein.
C. cortisol or glycoprotein.
D. steroid or cortisol.

3. In _____, one hormone produces the opposite effect of another hormone.
A. opposability
B. antagonism
C. permissiveness
D. synergism

4. The body's "biological clock" is supported by the:
A. pituitary gland.
B. pineal gland.
C. thalamus.
D. thyroid gland.

5. The formation and activity of the corpus luteum is a result of the secretion of:
A. follicle-stimulating hormone.
B. prolactin.
C. luteinizing hormone.
D. adrenocorticotropic hormone.

6. The primary function of aldosterone is:
A. calcium storage.
B. potassium homeostasis.
C. sodium homeostasis.
D. calcium homeostasis.

7. This pancreatic hormone tends to promote the movement of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids out of the blood and into the tissue cells.
A. Somatostatin
B. Glucagon
C. Pancreatic polypeptide
D. Insulin

8. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Unused hormones are usually quickly excreted by the kidneys.
B. Unused hormones are usually quickly excreted by the large intestine.
C. Unused hormones usually stay in the blood stream.
D. No hormones go unused.

9. A glycoprotein that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is:
A. erythropoietin.
B. hemoglobin.
C. spectrin.
D. proerythroblast.

September/October Questions:

1. Blood flow from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is referred to as:
A. pulmonary circulation.
B. systemic circulation.
C. full circulation.
D. cardiac circulation.

2. During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein?
A. It flows into the inferior vena cava.
B. It flows into the superior vena cava.
C. It flows into the ductus venosus.
D. None of the above is correct.

3.Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called:
A. ventricles.
B. atria.
C. valves.
D. vessels.

4. The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the:
A. pericardium.
B. epicardium.
C. endocardium.
D. myocardium.

5. The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the:
A. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers.
B. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and chordae tendinae.
C. AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers, and chordae tendinae.
D. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and papillary muscles.

6. The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the:
A. pericardium.
B. endocardium.
C. myocardium.
D. exocardium.

7. The _____ is (are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery.
A. spinal cord and brain
B. fingers
C. head and upper extremities
D. lower torso

8. A type of abnormal heart sound that may signify incomplete closing of the valves is a:
A. myocardial infarction.
B. bradycardia.
C. heart murmur.
D. tachycardia.

9.Autonomic control of the heart rate is the result of:
A. opposing influences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation.
B. supportive influences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation.
C. opposing influences between the carotid sinus reflex and aortic sinus reflex.
D. supportive influences between the carotid sinus reflex and aortic sinus reflex.

10. Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the:
A. glucose molecules present in blood.
B. lipid molecules present in blood.
C. formed elements in blood.
D. protein molecules present in blood.

11. Cardiac output is determined by:
A. stroke volume and blood pressure.
B. heart rate and blood pressure.
C. stroke volume and heart rate.
D. stroke volume and peripheral resistance.

12. Starling's law of the heart states that within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction:
A. the weaker the contraction.
B. the slower the heart rate.
C. the faster the heart rate.
D. the stronger the contraction.

13. The mechanisms of these three hormones work together to regulate blood volume.
A. Aldosterone, ANH, and TSH
B. Aldosterone, TSH, and ADH
C. Aldosterone, ANH, and ADH
D. Aldosterone, ADH, and TSH

14. The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the:
A. AV node.
B. AV bundle.
C. Purkinje fibers.
D. SA node.

15. The term _____ is often used to describe a later, longer period of slow ventricular filling at the end of ventricular diastole.
A. diapedesis
B. hemostasis
C. diastasis
D. homeostasis

16. This functions as an emergency mechanism when hypoxia or hypercapnia endangers the stability of the internal environment.
A. Medullary ischemic reflex
B. Vasomotor pressoreflex
C. Vasomotor control mechanism
D. Chemoreceptor reflex

17. _____ results from a condition in which infectious agents release toxins into the blood.
A. Neurogenic shock
B. Anaphylactic shock
C. Septic shock
D. Cardiogenic shock

18. A disease that develops as a result of a mother's Rh antibodies reacting with an Rh-positive baby is:
A. hemostasis.
B. hematopoiesis.
C. diapedesis.
D. erythroblastosis fetalis.

19. A glycoprotein that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is:
A. erythropoietin.
B. hemoglobin.
C. spectrin.
D. proerythroblast.

20. All of the following are components critical to coagulation except:
A. prothrombin.
B. thrombin.
C. fibrinogen.
D. fibrin.
E. none of the above