Security and globalization
The four authors here continue
to address the issue of globalization and policymaking.
Anan:
Klare:
Many factors contribute to global insecurity
after the Cold War is over, including
- The continued importance of territorial
powers.
- Civlizational clashes (a la Huntington).
- Confrontations between those countries
that globalize and that do not (a very inconceivable situation as today
even North Korea is reaching out somewhat).
- Increased internal discord between
different ethnic, racial, religious, linguistic, caste, and class, groups
within one country.
- Capitalism creates a widening gap
between the rich and the poor.
- The inability of the "flimsy
state structures" to provide housing and feed the growing population
in developing countries (sometimes a legacy of colonialism) leads people
to form into (ethnic, tribal) communities to compete for the scarce resources
or seize and divide up the infrastructure (or territory).
- Political mobilization made easy with
modern technology (works in both ways: democracy or terrorism).
- The more rapid population growth in
developing countries add pressure to the developed countries in immigration.
- Environmental pollution, which also
worsens some of the above problems, e.g. migration.
Keen:
The breakdown of the power centers of the
world and the emergence of new, smaller, ones (e.g. terrorist groups) is not
necessarily the breakdown of order, but rather the emergence of another, alternative
system of profit and power (O'Meara, 142).
- The 1980s civil war in Sudan between
the Arabic Muslim Baggaras from the north and the African non-Muslim Dinkas
and Nuers in the south was caused by the government to use the former to decimate
the latter to get the latter's oil rich land and deprive their support to
the rebel SPLA, in the name of "ethnic conflict."
- 1991 Sierra Leone civil war seemed to
be an opportunity for their government to decimate the resource rich area,
too.
- Civil war was often a way for governments
to provide payments to soldiers that they could not provide themselves.
- Without a proper modern bureaucratic
structure governments resource distribution would often invite fightings.
Laqueur:
Modern terrorrism has developed from individual
attempts at assassination to a routine and institutionalized part of a group's
identity, e.g. Hamas, IRA, that also have political arms carrying out normal
organizational functions.
Disintegration of world power centers and
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction means terrorists will more and
more work in small groups and have greater access to powerful weapons.