Conflict between those with an urban, and educated background, and those who came from a rural and uneducated background, reflected in how to proceed with nation building, whether to follow the conventional, Western road of economic construction, or radical, revolutionary route.

• Mao Tze-tung.
• Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping.

Political movements and mass mobilization as the Communists' means of establishing social control.

• Political movements were a way to pressure the whole country into thinking along the same lines as the Communist Party.
• They were used because of the populists' triumph over the technocrats in the Communist Party.
• Political movements were used to persuade people to accept a socialist planned economy, along with other measures, such as the household registration system.

Social classification;
The Counterrevolutionaries Campaign (1950): arrest of remaing Nationalist soldiers, spies, and others against the Communist regime.
The Three Antis and Five Antis campaign (1951-1952): anti-corruption, anti-waste, and anti-bureaucratism; anti-bribery, anti-tax evasion, anti-cost reduction through quality reduction; anti-theft of state property, and anti-espionage of state economic intelligence (the last five primarily targeted against private businesses).
Campaign against hidden revolutionaries (1955);
The Anti-rightist campaign
The Great Leap Forward (1958)

• Revolutionary, elite family background.
• The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
• Story of Second Uncle.